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Total Kalça Artroplastisi Rehabilitasyonu: Geleneksel Derlemeler
Total Hip Arthroplasty Rehabilitation: Traditional Review
Received Date : 06 Jan 2023
Accepted Date : 22 Sep 2023
Available Online : 10 Oct 2023
Doi: 10.31609/jpmrs.2023-95294 - Makale Dili: TR
J PMR Sci 2024;27(1):74-82.
ÖZET
Total kalça artroplastisi (TKA), kalça ağrısının azaltılması ve kalça hareketlerinin düzeltilmesi amacı ile uygulanan ortopedik cerrahi bir yöntemdir. İlk kez 1960’ların sonlarında uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. TKA için başlıca endikasyonlar; osteoartrit, femur boyun ve asetabulum kırığı, avasküler nekroz, gelişimsel displaziler ve inflamatuar artritlerdir. En sık endikasyon kalça osteoartritidir. Kalça osteoartriti için lokalize ve generalize olmak üzere iki tür risk faktörü mevcuttur. Kalça displazisi ve travma öyküsü lokalize risk faktörleri arasında iken, yaş, cinsiyet, obezite, genetik zemin, ırk ise generalize risk faktörleri arasında değerlendirilmektedir. TKA sonrası hastalarda; kalça ağrısı, kalça ekleminde kısıtlılık, kalça çevresi kaslarda özellikle abdüktörlerde atrofi, gluteus medius güçsüzlüğüne bağlı Trendelenburg yürüyüşü ve ekstremite dizilim bozuklukları görülebilir. Hastalara cerrahi öncesi ve sonrası olmak üzere iki aşamalı rehabilitasyon programı uygulanmaktadır. Cerrahi öncesi dönemde hastalar eklem hareket açıklığı, kalça ve diz çevresi kas kuvvetleri, fonksiyonel durum, yürüme ve günlük yaşam aktiviteleri açısından ayrıntılı kas iskelet sistemi muayenesi yapılmakta ve bu doğrultuda egzersizleri planlanmaktadır. Kuadriseps güçlendirme egzersizleri, düz bacak kaldırma egzersizleri, kalça fleksör germe egzersizleri, bel ve karın kaslarını güçlendirme egzersizleri, push up egzersizleri, aerobik egzersizler bu egzersizlere örnek olarak verilebilir. Bu egzersizlerin verilmesindeki amaç kas kuvvetini ve eklem hareket açıklığını arttırarak hastanın cerrahi sonrası immobilizasyon süresini kısaltıp immobilizasyonun olumsuz etkilerini önlemektir. TKA sonrası rehabilitasyonda ana hedefler; ağrının azaltılması, kalça çevresi kas gücünün artırılması, denge ve stabilitenin sağlanması, yürümenin ve fonksiyonel durumun iyileştirilmesi ile hastanın günlük yaşam aktivitelerini kolaylıkla yerine getirebilmesinin sağlanmasıdır.
ABSTRACT
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an orthopedic surgical method applied to reduce hip pain and improve hip movements. It started to be performed for the first time in the late 1960s. The main indications for THA are; osteoarthritis, femoral neck and acetabulum fracture, avascular necrosis, developmental dysplasia and inflammatory arthritis. The most common indication is hip osteoarthritis. There are two types of risk factors for hip osteoarthritis: localized and generalized. While hip dysplasia and trauma history are among localized risk factors, age, gender, obesity, genetic background and race are considered as generalized risk factors. After THA, patients may experience pain, muscle atrophy around the hips, especially in the abductor muscles, Trendelenburg gait due to gluteus medius weakness and limb alignment disorders. A two-stage rehabilitation program is applied to patients, before and after surgery. In the preoperative period, patients undergo detailed musculoskeletal examination in terms of joint range of motion, muscle strength around the hip and knee, functional status, walking and daily living activities, and exercises are planned accordingly. Quadriceps strengthening exercises, straight leg raise exercises, hip flexor stretching exercises, low back and abdominal muscle strengthening exercises, push up exercises, aerobic exercises can be given as examples of these exercises. The purpose of giving these exercises is to increase muscle strength and joint range of motion, shorten the patient's post-surgical immobilization time and prevent the negative effects of immobilization. The main goals of rehabilitation after THA are; to reduce pain, increase muscle strength around the hip, maintain balance and stability, improve walking and functional status, and enable the patient to easily perform daily living activities.
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